Anti-semitism appears to have 'been around' for considerably longer than that timeframe. The last instalment tonight of 'Secrets of the Inquisition' showed that brutal pogroms specifically aimed against the Jews lasted right from the start of the Spanish Inquisition, through to the Holy Roman Inquisitors, to 1870, when the reforming Italian Army finally broke through the walls of Rome and ended the last vestiges of the Papal Rule and its Roman Inquisition.
Ardross, you may be interested to know that one of the presenters, author David Kertzer, has written a book called 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'. This case was detailed in the programme tonight. Along with forcing Jews to live in ghettoes, wear yellow bonnets (think the yellow Star of David later), denying them property rights, the right to attend universities, to worship as Jews, to travel freely and especially to mix with Christians, the Pope's Papal Police were also charged with the duty of abducting young Jewish boys and girls, who were forcibly baptised in the secretive and excluding 'Catacombs'. They were made to attend all Church functions and to foreswear their parents, who could not visit them ever again or see them unless they, too, renounced Judaism and converted to Catholicism.
Edgardo Mortara was wrested from his family's home one day by the Papal Police and thus treated. His father created such a furore over his abduction, that newspapers like the New York Times took up the story, and James de Rothschild, Jewish Banker to the Pope (ha! doncha love the irony there?) pleaded with Pius 9th to release the child back to his family. Considering that the rich Rothschild family was bankrolling the Pope to maintain his Papal States, it was then a bit rich that he stubbornly refused. He claimed that the child was (as) his own son. But the case came at the time of the Risorgimento, when people like Garibaldi were fighting for a unified Italy. The Austrian Army quit the Papal States under such pressure and by 1861 the Pope was left with merely Rome as his 'state' - his Papal States were taken from him. The Pope's Inquisitor was arrested for ordering the kidnapping of Edgardo, but rather wisely, and accurately, pleaded that he was only following the Pope's orders.
By 1870, Edgardo was free to rejoin his family, but after 12 years in essentially religious captivity, he departed for Bologna, and at 21 was a fully-fledged Catholic priest, ending his days in a Belgian abbey.
So concluded the end of Papal Rule and its Inquisition... almost. After some 1000 years of controlling the population, assisted by an Inquisition to keep it in power, the Catholic Church finally renamed this function 'The Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith' - but only in 1908.
In 2005, the head of The Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith became... the current Pope Benedict.
Funny old world, ain't it? :brows:
What the programmes have answered for me is the question as to why the Catholic Church (and especially the Papacy) sat on its collective backside, playing with its rosaries, while the Jews were exterminated by the Nazis.
I'm sure now that it was entirely unconcerned to see thousands of Jews being transported - they'd sent thousands into uncertain, impoverished exile themselves, so why should they care? Their work was annoyingly incomplete, in that thousands were still yet unconverted when the Reformation (first, primarily through Napoleon's efforts to exterminate the Inquisitions) examined the records of torture, imprisonment, exile, and execution in the name of Christ and, aghast, began a swift dismantlement of their power base. The priests probably figured it served the Jews right for not converting earlier, and being saved from the predations of the Third Reich.
For the Jews, they must have wondered when, if ever, one vast body of power after another would stop slaughtering them, simply because they were Jewish.