I wouldn't underestimate the contribution and sacrifice made by the Soviet Union for one second in defeating Nazism, and I've more than wondered a few times "what if? etc" Popular myth of course is that the Americans saved us (well it is in America anyway). The case for saying that the Soviets did so as well, is equally compelling. We were pretty well isolated in 1940, having lost so much kit at Dunkirk, and hung on desperately in August and September. Even with the heroics of the RAF, the writing was pretty well on the wall. We were surrounded, about 3 weeks away from being starved out at times, and the Germans had inheriited a whole load of new industrial capacity. There is no way we could have continued to fight a war without a second front in Europe. I think therefore, Stalin is given a slightly easier time by history in the West.
The gulags though pre-date WWII, and were initially set up for the Kulak who was refusing to accept the collectivisation agriculture. Events such as the scissors crisis had shown the vulnerabilities in the NEP, and lets not forget that we are talking about a country which had been taken into, and lost heavily an imperialist war, and then followed by a foreign agitated civil war. The economy was wrecked and the infrastructure decidely backward. Stalin needed to industrialise, and to do it quickly. Unfortunately, the Kulak would rather burn grain and destroy food before they'd sell it to the government, so with millions dying of starvation in the cities of the Soviet Union, its not difficult to understand why Stalin did what he did. He essentially needed to feed his population, and to do that he had to seize the means of production, if those who held were wantonly destroying it. What else could he have done faced with such a mounting crisis? Context is everything here I feel. He knew there was a crisis coming in Europe with the emergence of 3 distinct political philosophies which seemed destined to lead at least 2 of the 3 into war in some point in the medium term future. In order to defend itself the Soviet Union had to launch on the most rapid programme of industrialisation in the history of the world. To a lot of the citizens of the Soviet Union the gulag was initially not only seen as an instrument that would assist them in doing this, but more pertinently, it was something that helped to produce a food supply for them, and improve their chances of living. Things had got that bad.
Put another way. If you were starving to death because of Kulaks, and subsequently discovered that your Party Chairman was taking steps to force a supply of food for you, I'm not sure you'd denounce his methods. Survival is an instinctive thing, and imprisoning a class of agricultural 'quasi land owner' who a lot of people will have held responsible for their plight, wouldn't send you onto the streets to protest about their treatment I'd suggest? Quite the opposite
I can't think of many historical examples where rapid industrialisation hasn't involved harsh and brutal decisions and frankly horrendous living conditions for the masses. We went through it about 100 years earlier with the forced collectivisation of labour in the 'work houses', escape from which was close to impossible once you'd been dragged into them. The Soviet expereince was more desperate and brutal for a host of reasons, not the least of which being the necessity and time scales involved, but factors such as the deep divisions in the population, the size of the country, and its climate made it much worse.
It might be as well to reflect on what might have happened in Europe in the 1940's if the Bolsheviks hadn't prevailed between 1919 - 1921 and the White Russsians had ursuped the Reds. Even to day, there's a discernable sympathy for fascist philosophies in Russia, and indeed there were no shortage of ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Georgians etc who were happy to join the invading Nazis who they saw as liberators. Had the Bolsheviks failed to consolidate October, and a fascist leaning autocracy assumed power, we might very easily have found ourselves facing an enemy considerably more powerful than the one that we did a few decades later.
In short, we'd have lost long before Pearl Harbour brought the Americans into the war.
All of which is about as relevant to the thread as......... :brows: urm.... bedtime me thinkz